Electricity transmission and distribution should be operated as a regulated public utility rather than as competing private networks. In other words, the high-voltage grid and local delivery wires would be run by a public body or a tightly regulated monopoly instead of several companies building competing networks.

The government should use a public development bank to direct long-term credit toward regions that private lenders consistently neglect. In other words, a public development bank is a government-backed lender created to finance long-term projects or sectors that private credit may underserve.

The state should take an ownership stake in domestic semiconductor production when dependence on foreign suppliers threatens national resilience. In other words, an ownership stake gives the government partial equity and influence rather than only offering a grant, loan, or tax credit.

During a severe shortage of a life-saving medicine, the government should temporarily cap prices and allocate supplies by medical need. In other words, a temporary price cap limits the maximum legal price, while allocation rules determine who receives scarce supply.

New private clinics should be allowed to compete with public hospitals when they meet the same safety and transparency standards. In other words, competition here assumes all providers must meet the same licensing, safety, and disclosure requirements.

A poorly managed airline should be allowed to enter bankruptcy rather than receive repeated public subsidies to preserve every route and job. In other words, bankruptcy can reorganize or liquidate a firm while applying established rules to creditors, workers, and customers.

Municipal broadband systems should face competition from private providers rather than receive an exclusive local monopoly. In other words, municipal broadband is internet service owned or operated by a local government.

Private firms should be allowed to use biometric screening with customer consent, even if it substantially reduces privacy. In other words, biometric screening uses traits such as face, fingerprint, or voice to verify identity.

Government should require private venues to install standardized surveillance systems as a condition of operating, even if the mandate raises costs and reduces privacy. In other words, a surveillance mandate can require cameras, identity checks, data retention, or reporting as a condition of operating.

Countries should accept binding international competition rules that prohibit subsidies and favoritism toward domestic firms. In other words, the international rules would stop governments from giving domestic firms special subsidies, contracts, or legal advantages that distort competition.

A group of countries should coordinate public subsidies for strategic industries through a binding international agreement. In other words, the agreement would pool or coordinate state support rather than prohibit industrial policy.

Major banks, electricity systems, and other essential industries should be publicly owned rather than controlled by private shareholders. In other words, society should place core economic infrastructure under public ownership instead of leaving control and profits mainly to private investors.

Government should use binding production and investment targets in major industries instead of relying primarily on market prices and private capital allocation. In other words, public planning should decide much of what is produced and financed in strategic sectors rather than letting markets make most of those choices.

Most farms, factories, banks, and large businesses should remain privately owned rather than being owned collectively by the state or society. In other words, individuals and private investors should generally keep ownership and control of productive enterprises.

It is legitimate for investors to earn substantial profits from capital they own even when they do not personally work in the business. In other words, supplying money and accepting investment risk can justify receiving profits apart from wages for labor.